ipsec
Ipsec practical configurations for Linux Freeswan 1.3.
Ipsec
practical configurations for Linux Freeswan 1.x.
Jean-Francois
Nadeau.
2001/05/09
News
2001/05/09:
I
was at a LINUQ meeting tonight, a great Linux group in Quebec city
promoting free software and Linux. They gave me the opportunity to
introduce FreeSwan and VPNs to their members. My presentation (html)
is available in french here.
You can find the LINUQ group homepage here.
Introduction
:
This
tutorial describes the configuration needed to setup Ipsec tunnels in
various situations such as RoadWarriors and NATed/Firewall gateways.
This
document assumes you have already installed Freeswan and knows a bit
of the Ipsec/Freeswan terminology. You should read the Freeswan
documentation before use of the present document.
My
Ipsec gateways are :
Intel
Pentium II 300 Mhz (much more than needed)
128
MB of RAM (32 MB is enough)
Redhat
6.0 (with minor updates such as the nettools, netkit and ipchains
packages. )
Kernel
2.2.14 to 2.2.19.
Freeswan
1.5 to 1.9
I
use 3DES-MD5 and ESP in all my configurations.
All
configurations are done in tunnel mode.
I
use most default values for rekeying, exept for RoadWarriors.
The
RoadWarrior always initiates the negociation and authentification of
the tunnels.
***
All IP addresses used in this document were selected randomly
The
practical configurations covered are :
Simple
subnet-to-subnet configuration (RSA).
Subnet-to-subnet
configuration with a NATed gateway (RSA).
RoadWarrior
configuration : Freeswan-to-Freeswan (RSA).
RoadWarrior
configuration : NAI's PGPnet-to-Freeswan (PSK).
RoadWarrior
configuration : IRE's Safenet SoftPK-to-Freeswan (PSK).
Using
a central Ipsec gateway as a "tunnel hub".
Expanding
NT domain logon validation and network browsing through IPSec
tunnels.
Subnet-to-Subnet
: Win2000-to-Freeswan (PSK).
Simple
Subnet-to-Subnet configuration.
This
is the simplest case and easiest to setup. We have 2 LANs that we
want to link together through the Internet. Each LAN is connected to
the internet via router or firewall with static IP adresses. For
example :
Both
Ipsec gateways will have the same ipsec.conf configuration file.
ipsec.conf
ipsec.secrets*
config
setup
interfaces="ipsec0=eth0"
klipsdebug=none
plutodebug=none
plutoload=%search
plutostart=%search
conn
%default
keyingtries=0
conn
site1-site2
left=207.151.222.2
leftsubnet=192.168.1.0/24
leftnexthop=207.151.222.1
right=172.35.55.8
rightsubnet=192.168.2.0/24
rightnexthop=172.35.55.1
auto=start
authby=rsasig
leftid=@sg1.yourdomain.com
rightid=@sg2.yourdomain.com
leftrsasigkey=0x--left-public-key
rightrsasigkey=0x--right-public-key
:
rsa {
#
256 bits, Thu Apr 13 00:29:47 2000
#
for signatures only, UNSAFE FOR ENCRYPTION
#pubkey=0x01035c3c464da4fb8c9a61fb8c798d91a5
Modulus:
0x5c3c464da4fb8c9a61fb8c798d91a5d5946
PublicExponent:
0x03
#
everything after this point is secret
PrivateExponent:0x3d7d525dbc41525da65e61193848
Prime1:
0x9c9e5f3bd5d345020052560b8a2a0bd4dd9
Prime2:
0x96c34af8e1d95fc3454551fc29f15a4c69b79
Exponent1:
0x686994d28e8ac0036e407b1715d3893b
Exponent2:
0x648231fb413b952e5152c6a0e6dd9bcfb
Coefficient:
0x05ac43c3b6a5d192f392c521b98334d6
}
*Not
truly valid, you should create a RSA signature of at least 1024 bits
on each gateway. And be carefull with the necessary whites spaces. On
each gateway :
/usr/local/lib/ipsec/ipsec
rsasigkey 1024 >> mykey
Then
paste the key in /etc/ipsec.secrets. Finally, paste the value from
the field #pubkey into the coresponding rsasigkey parameter in the
ipsec.conf file.
Restart
the ipsec service on both gateways and observe the logs for any
errors.
This
configuration assumes that both Ipsec gateways use the interface eth0
to reach the internet. Most default values were used here for
simplicity.
Both
gateways must have IP forwarding turned on to allow packets from the
leftsubnet to reach the rightsubnet and vice-versa. Ipchains must be
installed and used to permit traffic from leftsubnet to rightsubnet.
Remember
that Ipsec is as secure as your gateways are. I recommend to only
accept Ipsec traffic on the interface visible to Internet. On the
left gateway :
#
Default policies
/sbin/ipchains
-P input ACCEPT
/sbin/ipchains
-P forward DENY
#
Only allow ipsec traffic, ESP and AH from and to the Internet
/sbin/ipchains
-A input -p UDP -d 207.151.222.2/32 500 -j ACCEPT
/sbin/ipchains
-A input -p 50 -d 207.151.222.2/32 -j ACCEPT
/sbin/ipchains
-A input -p 51 -d 207.151.222.2/32 -j ACCEPT
#
Allows internal subnet access
/sbin/ipchains
-A input -s 192.168.1.0/24 -j ACCEPT
#
Allows traffic from and to internal LANs
/sbin/ipchains
-A forward -b -s 192.168.1.0/24 -d 192.168.2.0/24 -j ACCEPT
#
Default input policy back to deny
/sbin/ipchains
-P input DENY
Disable
any unused services (inetd.conf) and protect the remaining services
called from inetd (hosts.allow and hosts.deny). Do not run daemons
that should not resides on a security gate. I.e DNS, Sendmail and
such services with a big security history. I often run SSH on those
gateways, its the only backdoor if your tunnel stops working. If
using SSH here horrifies you, use a good internal PPP access with
callback support... just in case.
That's
it for the simple subnet-to-subnet case. The tricky ones coming...
Subnet-to-Subnet
configuration with a NATed gateway.
This
is the first tricky configuration as one of the gateways is behind a
router/firewall doing Network Address Translation (NAT). I use the
term NAT here for a 1 to 1 translation. I.e one external IP address
is converted to 1 internal IP address and vice-versa. This is not
masquerading or PAT. This configuration can only work using ESP,
because AH does not support modifications in the IP header. As of
Freeswan 1.3, this configuration also only works with RSA
authentication. For example :
The
difference is that the left gateway is no longer being exposed
directly to the Internet. The trick here is to have 2 different
configuration files :
Left
gateway's ipsec.conf
Right
gateway's ipsec.conf
config
setup
interfaces=%defaultroute
klipsdebug=none
plutodebug=none
plutoload=%search
plutostart=%search
conn
%default
keyingtries=0
conn
site1-site2
left=%defaulroute
leftsubnet=192.168.1.0/24
leftnexthop=
right=172.35.55.8
rightsubnet=192.168.2.0/24
rightnexthop=172.35.55.1
auto=start
authby=rsasig
leftid=@sg1.yourdomain.com
rightid=@sg2.yourdomain.com
leftrsasigkey=0x--left-public-key
rightrsasigkey=0x--right-public-key
config
setup
interfaces=%defaultroute
klipsdebug=none
plutodebug=none
plutoload=%search
plutostart=%search
conn
%default
keyingtries=0
conn
site1-site2
left=210.31.25.4
leftsubnet=192.168.1.0/24
leftnexthop=210.31.25.1
right=%defaultroute
rightsubnet=192.168.2.0/24
rightnexthop=
auto=start
authby=rsasig
leftid=@sg1.yourdomain.com
rightid=@sg2.yourdomain.com
leftrsasigkey=0x--left-public-key
rightrsasigkey=0x--right-public-key
The
right gateway only have to see left as its external NATed address.
This work because authentication is based on @sgx.yourdomain.com, not
on a real IP address ( the @ says to KLIPS to not resolve that name
to an IP. No need to put registered hosts names here).
Proceed
the same way as the simple subnet-to-subnet configuration for your
ipsec.secrets files.
The
NAT/Firewall device was in fact a CISCO 1600 router in my setup.
Don't forget that the router's access-lists (IOS) or firewall rules
must let pass UDP 500 and ESP (50) for that setup to work.
Altough
I did not had the chance to test it, this could work even if both
gateways are NATed, if you adjust the configuration.
RoadWarrior
Configuration : Freeswan-To-Freeswan.
This
setup is usefull for moving users with laptop to connect to a central
network using Ipsec.
As
most of the time they will be using a modem over an async connection
to the ISP, my example describes that case.
The
difficulties of this configuration origins from the fact that the
initiator of the tunnel IP configuration (DHCP) is volatile and
unknown from the right gateway. The configuration will have to
reflect that situation and permit multiple users to connect at the
same time. :
Left
gateway's ipsec.conf
Right
gateway's ipsec.conf
config
setup
interfaces=%defaultroute
klipsdebug=none
plutodebug=none
plutoload=%search
plutostart=%search
conn
%default
keyingtries=1
conn
Road-Central
left=%defaultroute
leftsubnet=
leftnexthop=
right=172.35.55.8
rightsubnet=192.168.2.0/24
rightnexthop=172.35.55.1
auto=start
authby=rsasig
leftid=@rw1.yourdomain.com
rightid=@sg2.yourdomain.com
leftrsasigkey=0x--left-public-key
rightrsasigkey=0x--right-public-key
config
setup
interfaces="ipsec0=eth0"
klipsdebug=none
plutodebug=none
plutoload=%search
plutostart=%search
conn
%default
keyingtries=1
conn
Road-Central
left=0.0.0.0
leftsubnet=
leftnexthop=
right=172.35.55.8
rightsubnet=192.168.2.0/24
rightnexthop=172.35.55.1
auto=add
authby=rsasig
leftid=@rw1.yourdomain.com
rightid=@sg2.yourdomain.com
leftrsasigkey=0x--left-public-key
rightrsasigkey=0x--right-public-key
This
setup works well with RSA authentication, and can work with PSK if
you update ipsec.secrets automaticly on the RoadWarrior (had a script
to do that).
To
bring the ipsec tunnel up as I connect to the internet, I usually
remove Ipsec from start-up :
/sbin/chkconfig
--del ipsec
And
bring the ipsec service up and down with my PPP interface through
ip-up.local and ip.down.local in the /etc/ppp directory. Don't forget
to make those executable.
You
can NOT have both RSA and PSK RoadWarriors as of Freeswan 1.3.
Some tips about routing &
RoadWarriors :
IP
forwarding must be activated (/etc/sysconfig/network) to permit
routing to your LAN. Or you can also use the forwardcontrol
parameter in ipsec.conf.
If
your gateway is also a masquerading gateway to the Internet, you
should use the rightfirewall parameter in ipsec.conf and adapt the
_updown script to ipchains (or anything used to control your
firewall chains).
The
nodes on the protected subnet must use the ipsec gateway as their
default gateway. Remember that the packets also needs to come back
from your LAN to the RoadWarriors !
RoadWarrior
configuration : NAI's PGPnet-to-Freeswan
Using
Windows clients to access Freeswan is for me the key to integration
of IPSec and the desktop. NAI's PGPnet is great for that task . It is
pretty stable and transparent for the user. Remember that only the
commercial copy of PGPnet can do tunnels as I will show in this
example :
Here's
the steps needed to setup PGPnet on the Win32 client (letfgateway)
for that configuration (refer to NAI's documentation for
installation) :
Steps
How
to do it
Set
up the adapter connected to the internet.
Start
- Program - PGP - Set Adapter
Select
the network adapter connected to the internet
Launch
the PGPnet configuration tool and set defaults options
Start
- Program - PGP - PGPnet
View
- Options
General
Panel :
Expert
Mode
Allow
communications with unconfigured hosts
Require
valid authentication key
Cache
passphrases between logins
*IKE
Duration : 6h
*IPsec
: 6h
Advanced
panel :
Selected
options :
Ciphers
: Tripple DES
Hashes
: MD5
Diffie-Hellman
: 1024 and 1536
Compression
: LZS and Deflate
Make
the IKE proposal :
Shared-Key
- MD5 - 3DES -1024 bits on top of the list
Make
the IPSec proposal :
NONE
- MD5-TrippleDES -NONE on top of the list
Select
Perfect Forward Secrecy = 1024 bits
Press
OK
Create
the connection's definition.
In
the Hosts panel, ADD
Name
: Enter a name for the right gateway
IPaddress
: Enter its IP address visible to the internet (172.35.55.8)
Select
Secure Gateway
Set
shared Paraphrase : enter you preshared key
Identity
type : select IP address
Identity
: enter 0.0.0.0
Remote
Authentication : select Any valid key
Press
Ok
Select
the newly created entry for the right gateway and click ADD, YES
Name
: Enter a name for the central subnet
IP
address : Enter its network IP address (192.168.2.0)
Select
Insecure Subnet
Subnet
Mask : enter its subnetmask (255.255.255.0)
Press
OK, YES, YES
Test
it
Ping
192.168.2.1
*I
choosed to rekey faster that Freeswan to solve a common rekeying
problem with Win32 Ipsec clients.
Some
Screenshots of
that configuration.
Ipsec.conf
and ipsec.secrets on right gateway :
ipsec.conf
Ipsec.secrets
config
setup
interfaces="ipsec0=eth0"
klipsdebug=none
plutodebug=none
plutoload=%search
plutostart=%search
conn
%default
keyingtries=1
conn
rw_pgp-site2
left=0.0.0.0
leftsubnet=
leftnexthop=
right=172.35.55.8
rightsubnet=192.168.2.0/24
rightnexthop=172.35.55.1
authby=secret
auto=add
0.0.0.0
172.35.55.8 "mypresharedkey"
All
your RoadWarriors will have to share the same PreShared Key.
See
my tips about routing and RoadWarriors.
RoadWarrior
Configuration : IRE's SafeNet/SoftPK-to- Freeswan
Using
the same example as for PGPnet :
IRE's
SafeNet/SoftPK (3DES) is a much lighter software to do Ipsec tunnels
but does not integrates PGP in emails and local encryption. If your
only goal is to do some Ipsec tunnels on a Win32 desktop, SafeNet is
the good choice as it is cheaper than NAI's PGPnet.
Its
configuration is not complex and works in most cases (exept with ADSL
as it does not support a PPPoe interface).
Lets
do the Safenet's setup on the Win32 desktop (left gateway) for the
configuration above :
Steps
How
to do it
Launch
the Safenet Security Editor and create a new Security Policy.
Start
- Program - Safenet Soft-PK - Security Policy Editor
File
- New Connection
Enter
a name for the connection
Set
the connection's parameters
Select
the newly created connection :
Connection
Security : Secure
Remote
Party Identity and Adressing : Select IP Subnet
Enter
the rightsubnet (192.168.2.0)
Enter
its netmask (255.255.255.0)
Protocol
: ALL
Select
Connect using Secure Gateway Tunnnel
ID
Type : Select IP Address
Enter
right gateway IP address (172.35.55.8)
Expand
the properties of the connection (left pane):
Select
the Identity branch.
Select
Certificate = none
ID
Type : Select IP Address
Port
: Select ALL
Local
Network Interface : Select the interface used to reach the
internet.
Click
on Pre-Shared Key and enter your pre-shared key.
Select
the Security Policy branch
Phase
1 negociation mode : Main Mode
Select
Enable Perfect Forward Secrecy
PFS
Key Group : Diffie-Hellman Group 2
Select
Enable Replay Protection.
Expand
the properties of the Security Policy (left pane) :
Expand
the properties of Authentication
Select
the Proposal 1 branch
Authentication
Method : Pre-shared Key
Encrypt
Alg : Tripple DES
Hash
Alg : MD5
SA
Life : Seconds - 18000
Key
Group :
Diffie-Hellman
Group 1 (Safenet 1.x)
Diffie-Hellman
Group 2 (Safenet 2.x)
Expand
the properties of Key Exchange
Select
the Proposal 1 branch
Select
Encapsulation Protocol (ESP)
Encrypt
Alg : Tripple DES
Hash
Alg : MD5
SA
Life : Seconds - 18000
File
- Save Changes
Test
it.
Ping
192.168.2.1
All
your RoadWarriors will have to share the same PreShared Key.
The
right gateway's configuration (Freeswan) will be the same as the
previous example.
As
I said earlier, the troubleshooting is a lot easier checking the logs
on the responder (right gateway). Most of the problems origins from
configuration errors and typos like different netmasks entered on
each side.
See
my tips about routing and RoadWarriors.
Using
a central Ipsec gateway as a "tunnel hub"
If
you got multiples subnets connected to a central one, lets say a few
remote locations connected to your headquarters, you might want to
connect them all using Ipsec to permit communications between those
remotes locations. You could create a mesh, i.e a connection from one
locations to each others on all your gateways. If you got only 2 or 3
remote locations, this will work. But as you add more and more
locations, it is gonna be a pain to administer as you will have to
update all your ipsec gateways each time you add another tunnel. If
you got 10 or more locations, this could become impossible to
maintain ( 10*10 = 100 tunnels !).
Using
one central location as a "tunnel hub" simplifies
connecting all those subnets together, as only one tunnel is added
for a new location. There are 3 drawbacks to that solution :
If
the central gateway dies, all your tunnels stops working.
You
will need more bandwith at central gateway's site, as all ipsec
tunnels will be routed through it.
You
will need more processing power on that central gateway, as packets
going between 2 remote locations will be encrypted twice.
That
configuration might look like this :
The
remote locations are on the left side and the headquarters on the
right.
We
want the subnets 192.168.1.0/24, 192.168.2.0/24 and 192.168.3.0/24 to
communicate with each others and with the central network
192.168.0.0/24.
The
trick to make this work is on the graphic... all remote locations are
on a C class network just as the central location. But each SA are
for a longer netmask at the central site. Each remote location will
create a tunnel from their subnet to the central subnet
192.168.0.0/16. But the central subnet is a 192.168.0.0/24
network.When this is done, the central Ipsec gateway will have an
eroute for each remote network. When someone on a remote location
wants to talk to another remote location, lets say 192.168.1.8 to
192.168.2.16, it thinks the destination is on the central network,
but the central Ipsec gateway have a specific eroute for the
192.168.2.0/24 network, so it routes the packet through the good
tunnel for that remote location.
Networks
:
Central
subnet : 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0
Remote
location 1 : 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
Remote
location 2 : 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0
Remote
location 3 : 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0
Ipsec
tunnels :
192.168.1.0/24
--> 192.168.0.0/16 for remote location 1
192.168.2.0/24
--> 192.168.0.0/16 for remote location 2
192.168.3.0/24
--> 192.168.0.0/16 for remote location 3
The
configuration is the same as the Simple
subnet-to-subnet
case, just remember the network mask trick and everything should
work.
You
can control wich remote locations can talk to another by adjusting
your forwarding rules with ipchains on the central ipsec gateway.
Subnet-to-Subnet
configuration : Win2000-to-Freeswan (PSK).
This
is the most complex configuration, because of microsoft's strange way
to represent a connection and its parameters. This section is far
from being complete, as I did not find any simple way to explain this
in details yet without making you get crazy through all the menus and
options, I will at first try to explain Microsoft's logic of a tunnel
mode connection.
We
can use the simple subnet-to-subnet case as a model :
A
connection in Microsoft's terminology is a Security Policy. An Ipsec
Security Policy is configurable through an MMC console with the IP
Security management Snap-in added.
When
you create a new IP Security Policy (a connection) you must define
rules for the traffic going throught it. You must define at least 2
rules for a tunnel mode connection to work :
One
rule for the traffic going from the leftsubnet to the rightsubnet.
One
rule for the traffic going from the rightsubnet to the leftsubnet.
A
rule defines a :
IP
Filter. Describing the Ipsec subnets specifications (leftsubnet and
rightsubnet).
Filter
Action. Describing the action to take when the filter applies
(Require Security).
Authentication
Method. Desribing the authentication mode (PresharedKey).
Endpoints
. Describing the Ipsec gateway to reach (leftgateway or
rightgateay).
Ipsec/IKE
proposals, rekeying settings and PFS are defined inside the Filter
Action.
This
logic can be very confusing, as you can go from properties menus
inside properties menus.
Ouch
!
The
generics steps I recommend to make this setup work are :
Create
a new MMC console and add the IP Security management Snap-in.
Create
a new security policy.
Create
a rule for the traffic from left-to-right.
Edit
that rule and create a IP Filter that specifies the source address
as the leftsubnet and the destination address as the rightsubnet.
Specify
to Require Security on that IP Filter.
Edit
that Filter Action, enable Perfect Forward Secrecy, and make the
Ipsec proposal 3DES-MD5 on top of the list.
Specify
the enpoint to be the right gateway's IP address.
Enter
your preshared key.
Create
a rule for the traffic from right-to-left.
Edit
that rule and create a IP Filter that specifies the source address
as the rightsubnet and the destination address as the leftsubnet.
Specify
to Require Security on that IP Filter.
Edit
that Filter Action, enable Perfect Forward Secrecy, and make the
Ipsec proposal 3DES-MD5 on top of the list.
Specify
the enpoint to be the letf gateway's IP address.
Enter
your preshared key.
Save
your changes
Select
you Security Policy, and Assign it through the Action Menu.
Test
it :
Ping
a host on the other subnet, it should say at first "Negociating
IP security".
Ping
it again to see if it works.
Check
the EventViewer for any errors.
Check
the logs on the Freeswan gateway for any errors.
Run
the ipsecmon program to see the connection status.
The
longest SCREENSHOTS
you've never seen to setup the previous example. 900 KB...you've
been warned ;).
HINTS
& LIMITATIONS :
Configure
the Freeswan gateway just like you would be creating a
Freeswan-to-Freeswan tunnel using PSK for authentication.
Be
sure to install the Microsoft Encryption Pack for Win2000 before
trying anything. It adds 3DES support to the OS, so don't even think
something will work without it !
If
you modify a Security Policy after it has been assigned, you must
restart the Ipsec service (or wait the default 240 minutes of the
Ipsec service to read its configuration again)..
A RoadWarrior
configuration is difficult to do here. Because Win2k does not let
you enter 0.0.0.0 as your endpoint. Altough a client to subnet
configuration works, the Win2k client needs a static IP address.
I
will need feedbacks to make this section clear, so don't hesitate to
send me some comments !
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электропечь dimplex model brayford
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